The Kingdom of Sardinia
Capital Torino, the territory included the Piedmont, Liguria, Savoy, Nice, Monaco and Sardinia. It was the only Italian state to have a constitution since 1848. King Vittorio Emanuele II and was chief minister, Count Cavour. Most people who wanted the unification of Italy is now seen in the Kingdom of Sardinia, the only country that could perform this feat. The Italian exiles from other countries were about 30,000. Its economic development along with that of Lombardy-Venetia was the most advanced and the largest rail network with 850 km against 524 of the Lombardo-Veneto. The Constitution had allowed the freedom of opinion and encouraged the movement of ideas and papers and to draw precisely the exiles persecuted in other states. The army was the most complete and preparation between the different Italian states and had about 70,000 men.
The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
was a satellite state of Austria, which was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy and whose emperor was Emperor Franz Joseph. He had two governors: one civil, Maximilian of Hapsburg emperor's brother and another soldier, Sergeant Gyulai. After the revolutions of 1848 and the split that had arisen between Austria and a part of the population, they started from 1857-58, mainly under the pressure of Maximilian to pursue a policy of reconciliation that could recover public confidence. 60,000 soldiers were conscripted into the army of Lombardy-Veneto Austria. The literacy rate was the highest of the peninsula, 50% and 40% in Lombardy, Veneto, this because the government had made mandatory the first three elementary grades. The nobility and the bourgeoisie wanted to count more as a ruling class and they did not accept that all decisions were taken to Vienna. And looking up to the unification with Piedmont, which would have made the protagonists.
Duchy of Parma
It included the territories of Parma and Piacenza. It was headed by Maria Luisa of Bourbon.
Duchy of Modena
It included the territories of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Massa Carrara. The king was the Duke Francis V of Austria-Este.
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
The king was the Grand Duke Leopold II of Lorraine. Despite not having a constitution, the country maintained a policy of tolerance and ideas circulated without being too severely repressed. It was the only state that does not have the death penalty, which was introduced with the new Penal Code of 1853, but never implemented.
The Papal States comprised the regions of Lazio, Umbria, Marche, the Romagna region and part of Emilia. Pius IX was the pope-king and the government and all governments had a monopoly of the clergy. It was a repressive government that had filled the prisons of liberal and democratic and had boosted the economy of the country.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was
King Francis II, but until his death in 1859, had ruled his father Ferdinand II. The territory included all the southern regions and also included Sicily. The relations with the region that had repeatedly sought independence were always tense. The king had implemented a policy of repression against the Liberal Democrats and the intellectual class, many people were in prison. Naples abtitanti 445,000 was the most populous city of the peninsula. The few textile and metallurgical industries are holding up due to high customs rates. Despite being the Largest state in the peninsula, the railways had only 100 km. and very few roads were passable. Most of the budget was spent on the army, and almost nothing on education and public works. In fact, 85% were illiterate. The situation of the peasants was dramatic. They did not perceive it as wages in northern Italy and was even applied as sharecroppers in the middle. They lived only offers of goods in kind received by the owners.
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