In a Europe peaceful, ruled by monarchies, the French Revolution broke out in 1789, which eliminates many privileges to the nobles and high clergy, and considers the "Declaration of Human Rights, every individual equal before the law. France must fight against other nations who want to restore the old monarchical order and in the meantime, a young general, Napoleon falls in Italy in 1796 and after various events wins Italian States.
born in the north the Kingdom of Italy, with its capital Milan, goes up to the Marches, and includes as many as 8 million people, while other parts of the peninsula are directly attached to France or create satellite states, as is also the Kingdom of Italy for the first time gives millions of people same laws and make them fight under one flag, so too comes the word homeland. This seed for some citizens continue to live even after the defeat of Napoleon and the Restoration of 1814 new, which incorporated the old Italian states.
In the '20s and '30s created the first secret societies, and in 1820 in Naples and Sicily, are the first riots calling for the Constitution. Events take place in Turin for the Constitution and in the Lombardo-Veneto (Satellite State of Austria) are made the first arrests. Those involved in these political struggles of minorities are of noble and bourgeois, the majority of the population is illiterate. Then in the '30s and '40, the political struggle was a turning point, as it appears on the scene from exile Giuseppe Mazzini founded "Young Italy" with a clear: "Italy needs to be done, free and republican." Peninsula and his followers are now several thousand, and as well as distributing leaflets also organized illegal actions conspiracy. In 1848, revolutions broke out in Europe other than to ask the Constitutions and in some cases even independence for the countries subject. The Italian States are infected with the "Five Days of Milan" of 18 to 22 March 1848, the city rebelled against Austria, and Venice with Daniele Manin create an independent state. In all the Italian States lifts us to ask the Constitutions and also leading a war for national unity. The First War of Independence is right in 1848, when the Piedmont with King Charles Albert goes to war against Austria to leave Milan and Lombardy, but was defeated in Custoza. Meanwhile, Pope Pius IX in Gaeta runs with Garibaldi and Mazzini founded the Roman Republic resisting for several months. Then in 1849, after a return to war, Piedmont is again defeated at Novara Austria and everything is back as before. The only state that keeps the Italian Constitution is the Piedmont and becomes a magnet for all the Italians who see him as a possible author of the Unification of Italy. Ben 30 000 refugees of other states take refuge here. It was his Prime Minister Cavour Turin will begin with its policy on the long road to the unification of Italy. First of all, will feature in Europe, the precarious situation of Italy divided and under the power of the Austrian Empire and Napoleon III to find an ally to make war on Austria. In 1859 began the Second War of Independence and will be the Franco-Piedmontese defeat the Austrians at Magenta, Solferino and San Martino. Lombardy was united to Piedmont, and Emilia Romagna and Tuscany are raised to join the new state. Meanwhile, the Piedmontese troops occupy the whole of the Papal States, except Rome. Garibaldi landed at Marsala on May 11, 1860, with a thousand men and began to move up the peninsula, the ranks of his soldiers to Naples after defeating the Bourbon army. Then October 26, 1860 delivery of the South to King Vittorio Emanuele II. The Kingdom of Italy and is made from Turin will be announced March 17, 1861.
The Third War of Independence is in 1866, when the Veneto is taken defeat to Austria in the war against Prussia and the new Kingdom of Italy.